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6 - Data Validation
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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- 09 January 2020, pp 130-177
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Summary
Scholars and policy makers need systematic assessments of the validity of the measures produced by V-Dem. In Chapter 6, we present our approach to comparative data validation – the set of steps we take to evaluate the precision, accuracy, and reliability of our measures, both in isolation and compared to extant measures of the same concepts. Our approach assesses the degree to which measures align with shared concepts (content validation), shared rules of translation (data generation assessment), and shared realities (convergent validation). Within convergent validity, we execute two convergent validity tests. First, we examine convergent validity as it is typically conceived – examining convergence between V-Dem measures and extant measures. Second, we evaluate the level of convergence across coders, considering the individual coder and country traits that predict coder convergence. Throughout the chapter, we focus on three indices included in the V-Dem data set: polyarchy, corruption, and core civil society. These three concepts collectively provide a “hard test” for the validity of our data, representing a range of existing measurement approaches, challenges, and solutions.
2 - Conceptual Scheme
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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- 09 January 2020, pp 27-42
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Summary
This chapter sets forth the conceptual scheme for the V–Dem project. We begin by discussing the concept of democracy. Next, we lay out seven principles by which this key concept may be understood – electoral, liberal, majoritarian, consensual, participatory, deliberative, and egalitarian. Each defines a “variety“ of democracy, and together they offer a fairly comprehensive accounting of the concept as used in the world today. Next, we show how this seven-part framework fits into our overall thinking about democracy, including multiple levels of disaggregation – to components, subcomponents, and indicators. The final section of the chapter discusses several important caveats and clarifications pertaining to this ambitious taxonomic exercise.
1 - Introduction
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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- 09 January 2020, pp 1-26
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Summary
This chapter recounts how a project of this scale came together and why it has succeeded. Five main factors were responsible for V–Dem’s success: timing, inclusion, deliberation, administrative centralization, and fund–raising. First, planning for V-Dem began at a time when both social scientists and practitioners were realizing that they needed better democracy measures. This made it possible to recruit collaborators and find funding. Second, the leaders of the project were always eager to expand the team to acquire whatever expertise they lacked and share credit with everyone who contributed. Third, the project leaders practiced an intensely deliberative decision–making style to ensure that all points of view were consulted and only decisions that won wide acceptance were adopted. Fourth, centralizing the execution of the agreed–upon tasks helped tremendously by streamlining processes and promoting standardization, documentation, professionalization, and coordination of a large number of intricate steps. Finally, successful fund–raising from a mix of both research foundations and bilateral and multilateral organizations has been critical.
Contents
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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- 09 January 2020, pp v-viii
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Index
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 09 January 2020, pp 221-226
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5 - Dimensions and Components of Democracy
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 09 January 2020, pp 90-129
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Summary
In this chapter we focus on the measurement of five key principles of democracy – electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, and egalitarian. For each principle, we discuss (1) the theoretical rationale for the selected indicators, (2) whether these indicators are correlated strongly enough to warrant being collapsed into an index, and (3) the justification of aggregation rules for moving from indicators to components and from components to higher–level indices. In each section we also (4) highlight the top– and bottom–five countries on each principle of democracy in early (1812 or 1912) and late (2012) years of our sample period, as well as the aggregate trend over the whole time period 1789–2017 (where applicable). Finally, we (5) look at how the different principles are intercorrelated in order to assess the trade–offs involved between the conceptual parsimony achieved by aggregating to a few general concepts and the retention of useful variation permitted by aggregating less.
7 - Explanatory Analysis with Varieties of Democracy Data
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 09 January 2020, pp 178-204
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Summary
Four characteristics of V-Dem data present distinct opportunities and challenges for explanatory analysis: (1) the large number of democracy indicators (i.e., variables), (2) the measurement of concepts by multiple coders filtered through the V-Dem measurement model, (3) the large number of years in the data set, and 4) the ex ante potential for dependence across countries (generically referred to as spatial dependence). This chapter discusses 3 challenges and 10 opportunities that are implied by these characteristics. At the end of this chapter, we also discuss three assumptions that are implicit in most analyses of observational indicators of macro-features at the national level, which aim to draw conclusions about causal relationships.
Acknowledgments
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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- 09 January 2020, pp xiv-xviii
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Figures
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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- 09 January 2020, pp ix-x
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Tables
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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- 09 January 2020, pp xi-xii
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Varieties of Democracy
- Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change
- Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Adam Glynn, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- 09 January 2020
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Varieties of Democracy is the essential user's guide to The Varieties of Democracy project (V-Dem), one of the most ambitious data collection efforts in comparative politics. This global research collaboration sparked a dramatic change in how we study the nature, causes, and consequences of democracy. This book is ambitious in scope: more than a reference guide, it raises standards for causal inferences in democratization research and introduces new, measurable, concepts of democracy and many political institutions. Varieties of Democracy enables anyone interested in democracy - teachers, students, journalists, activists, researchers and others - to analyze V-Dem data in new and exciting ways. This book creates opportunities for V-Dem data to be used in education, research, news analysis, advocacy, policy work, and elsewhere. V-Dem is rapidly becoming the preferred source for democracy data.
3 - Data Collection
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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- 09 January 2020, pp 43-65
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Users of V–Dem data should take care to understand how the data are generated because the data collection strategies have consequences for the validity, reliability, and proper interpretation of the values. Chapters 4 and 5 explain how we process the data after collecting the raw scores and how we aggregate the most specific indicators into more general indices. In this chapter we explain where the raw scores come from. We distinguish among the different types of data that V–Dem reports and describe the processes that produce each type and the infrastructure required to execute these processes.
4 - The Measurement Model and Reliability
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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- 09 January 2020, pp 66-89
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V-Dem relies on country experts who code a host of ordinal variables, providing subjective ratings of latent – that is, not directly observable – regime characteristics. Sets of around five experts rate each case, and each rater works independently. Our statistical tools model patterns of disagreement between experts, who may offer divergent ratings because of differences of opinion, variation in scale conceptualization, or mistakes. These tools allow us to aggregate ratings into point estimates of latent concepts and quantify our uncertainty around these estimates. This chapter describes item response theory models that can account and adjust for differential item functioning (i.e., differences in how experts apply ordinal scales to cases) and variation in rater reliability (i.e., random error). We also discuss key challenges specific to applying item response theory to expert–coded cross-national panel data, explain how we address them, highlight potential problems with our current framework, and describe long-term plans for improving our models and estimates. Finally, we provide an overview of the end–user–accessible products of the V-Dem measurement model.
Contributors
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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- 09 January 2020, pp xiii-xiii
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References
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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- 09 January 2020, pp 205-220
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Copyright page
- Michael Coppedge, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, John Gerring, University of Texas, Austin, Adam Glynn, Emory University, Atlanta, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Universitetet i Oslo, Staffan I. Lindberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, Daniel Pemstein, North Dakota State University, Brigitte Seim, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, Jan Teorell, Lunds Universitet, Sweden
- With David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Joshua Krusell, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang
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- Varieties of Democracy
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- 25 January 2020
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. 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- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Rene Leibowitz (II): The Music
- Jan Maguire
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Leibowitz's Toccata for piano, op.62 (1964) is a particularly flagrant example of his mastery of the art of contradiction. It is based on a chapter from the book The Raw and the Cooked by his friend Claude Lévi-Strauss, where the author shows the basically identical origin of several myths which appear to be entirely dissimilar, and points out their similarities through a ‘coding’, or the recognition of repeated details. Leibowitz's Toccatais built upon two themes—by ‘themes’ I mean here a series of intervals in pre-determined order used vertically or horizontally. The first of these is based on a 12-tone row consisting of seconds and thirds exclusively. The second ‘theme’ is based on another 12-tone row containing fourths as well. When the two themes are first stated, simply, they appear as opposites. One proceeds stepwise, softly, or makes the easy, gentle move of a third; the other leaps boldly in fourths and fifths, or announces big chords, loudly (Ex. 1). The themes are reiterated backwards and come to rest in a third, common to both, at the conclusion of the initial period.
Rene Leibowitz (1913–1972)
- Jan Maguire
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The name of René Leibowitz is widely known; but at the same time, rather like that of Ferruccio Busoni, it evokes general bewilderment, a reaction of ‘Yes, know the name, but who is he?’ This is due in part to his wide range of activities, but it is also due to the paradox which pervades his work, thought and life. Like Busoni, Leibowitz was the all-important link between one epoch in music and another. He has had a profound, deep-running influence over almost all musical endeavour today, through his profuse writings, his 35 years of teaching, his conducting and his compositions—but most, perhaps, through his profound beliefs and the way he lived them to their utmost expression. That influence, although it was and remains deeply felt, has gone to a great extent unrecognized because it is subtle, not sensational.